The current study used two inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6 J and A/J, to investigate the genetics of behavioral responses to fentanyl. Mice were tested for conditioned place preference and fentanyl-induced locomotor activity. C57BL/6J mice formed a conditioned place preference to fentanyl injections and fentanyl increased their activity. Neither effect was noted in A/J mice. We conducted RNA-sequencing on the nucleus accumbens of mice used for fentanyl-induced locomotor activity. Surprisingly, we noted few differentially expressed genes using treatment as the main factor. However many genes differed between strains.
Authors:
Samuel J Harp, Mariangela Martini, Will Rosenow, Larry D Mesner, Hugh Johnson, Charles R Farber, Emilie F Rissman
Microglia depletion and alcohol gene expression logFC
Description:
Alcohol abuse induces changes in microglia morphology and immune function, but whether microglia initiate or simply amplify the harmful effects of alcohol exposure is still a matter of debate. Here, we determine microglia function in acute and voluntary drinking behaviors using a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (PLX5622). We show that microglia depletion does not alter the sedative or hypnotic effects of acute intoxication. Microglia depletion also does not change the escalation or maintenance of chronic voluntary alcohol consumption. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that although many immune genes have been implicated in alcohol abuse, down regulation of microglia genes does not necessitate changes in alcohol intake. Instead, microglia depletion and chronic alcohol result in compensatory upregulation of alcohol-responsive, reactive astrocyte genes, indicating astrocytes may play a role in regulation of these alcohol behaviors. Taken together, our behavioral and transcriptional data indicate that microglia are not theprimary effector cell responsible for regulation of acute and voluntary alcohol behaviors. Because microglia depletion did not regulate acute or voluntary alcohol behaviors, we hypothesized that these doses were insufficient to activate microglia and recruit them to an effector phenotype. Therefore, we used a model of repeated immune activation using polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid
We investigated the role of microglia in a mouse model of alcohol dependence using a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (PLX5622) to deplete microglia and a chronic intermittent ethanol vapor two-bottle choice drinking procedure. Additionally, we examined anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal. We then analyzed synaptic neuroadaptations in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and gene expression changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and CeA from the same animals used for behavioral studies.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. Although prescribed for dyslipidemia and type-II diabetes, PPAR agonists also possess anti-addictive characteristics. PPAR agonists decrease ethanol consumption and reduce withdrawal severity and susceptibility to stress-induced relapse in rodents. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms facilitating these properties have yet to be investigated. We tested three PPAR agonists in a continuous access two-bottle choice (2BC) drinking paradigm and found that tesaglitazar (PPARα/γ; 1.5 mg/kg) and fenofibrate (PPARα; 150 mg/kg) decreased ethanol consumption in male C57BL/6J mice while bezafibrate (PPARα/γ/β; 75 mg/kg) did not. We hypothesized that changes in brain gene expression following fenofibrate and tesaglitazar treatment lead to reduced ethanol drinking. We studied unbiased genomic profiles in areas of the brain known to be important for ethanol dependence, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala, and also profiled gene expression in liver. Genomic profiles from the non-effective bezafibrate treatment were used to filter out genes not associated with ethanol consumption. Because PPAR agonists are anti-inflammatory, they would be expected to target microglia and astrocytes. Surprisingly, PPAR agonists produced a strong neuronal signature in mouse brain, and fenofibrate and tesaglitazar (but not bezafibrate) targeted a subset of GABAergic interneurons in the amygdala. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed co-expression of treatment-significant genes. Functional annotation of these gene networks suggested that PPAR agonists might act via neuropeptide and dopaminergic signaling pathways in the amygdala. Our results reveal gene targets through which PPAR agonists can affect alcohol consumption behavior.
Authors:
Laura B Ferguson, Dana Most, Yuri A Blednov, R Adron Harris
Drug Naïve DO mice were tested for open field, light dark, hole board, novelty place preference before collecting the striatum. RNA-Seq data was analyzed with WGCNA using a soft thresholding power of 3 selected using the WGCNA scale-free topology R2 threshold of 0.9, signed network with a minimum module size of 30, correlation type is bicor, used numeric labels.
Microglia depletion and alcohol gene expression p-value
Description:
Alcohol abuse induces changes in microglia morphology and immune function, but whether microglia initiate or simply amplify the harmful effects of alcohol exposure is still a matter of debate. Here, we determine microglia function in acute and voluntary drinking behaviors using a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (PLX5622). We show that microglia depletion does not alter the sedative or hypnotic effects of acute intoxication. Microglia depletion also does not change the escalation or maintenance of chronic voluntary alcohol consumption. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that although many immune genes have been implicated in alcohol abuse, down regulation of microglia genes does not necessitate changes in alcohol intake. Instead, microglia depletion and chronic alcohol result in compensatory upregulation of alcohol-responsive, reactive astrocyte genes, indicating astrocytes may play a role in regulation of these alcohol behaviors. Taken together, our behavioral and transcriptional data indicate that microglia are not theprimary effector cell responsible for regulation of acute and voluntary alcohol behaviors. Because microglia depletion did not regulate acute or voluntary alcohol behaviors, we hypothesized that these doses were insufficient to activate microglia and recruit them to an effector phenotype. Therefore, we used a model of repeated immune activation using polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid
Alcohol Microglia depletion in the medial prefrontal cortex q-value
Description:
dependence using a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (PLX5622) to deplete microglia and a chronic intermittent ethanol vapor two-bottle choice drinking procedure. Additionally, we examined anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal. We then analyzed synaptic neuroadaptations in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and gene expression changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and CeA from the same animals used for behavioral studies.
Differentially expressed geens in the central amygdala (CeA) of male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g prior to surgery, 325-375 g at start of self-administration) on day 2 following methamphetamine withdrawal. Gene Expression was evaluated via RNA-seq. Data taken from Supplementary Table S2. Values presented are adjusted p-values. Data available from GEO with accession number GSE111243."
Authors:
Hannah M Cates, Xuan Li, Immanuel Purushothaman, Pamela J Kennedy, Li Shen, Yavin Shaham, Eric J Nestler
Differentially expressed geens in the central amygdala (CeA) of male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g prior to surgery, 325-375 g at start of self-administration) on day 35 following methamphetamine withdrawal. Gene Expression was evaluated via RNA-seq. Data taken from Supplementary Table S2. Values presented are adjusted p-values. Data available from GEO with accession number GSE111243."
Authors:
Hannah M Cates, Xuan Li, Immanuel Purushothaman, Pamela J Kennedy, Li Shen, Yavin Shaham, Eric J Nestler
Genes identified as expressed lower (down) in the AJ strain than in the AJ strain. Differentially expressed genes had a Q-value < 0.05 following the Benjamini-Hochberg methodology for false discovery rates in the limma+voom pipeline within edgeR. Q-value is reported from the topTable function.
Genes identified as expressed lower (down) in the AJ strain than in the AJ strain. Differentially expressed genes had a Q-value < 0.05 following the Benjamini-Hochberg methodology for false discovery rates in the limma+voom pipeline within edgeR. Q-value is reported from the topTable function.
Drug Naïve DO mice were tested for open field, light dark, hole board, novelty place preference before collecting the striatum. RNA-Seq data was analyzed with paraclique using a bicor was used with a correlation coefficient threshold of |0.5| (unsigned), minimum seed clique size of 5, minimum finished paraclique size of 10, proportional glom factor of 0.2 for paraclique construction.
Ethanol Induced Hypothermia Chr# 7 rs13479153(25722935) with right flanking marker rs3700068(4187548) and left marker rs3716088(140189839). This was mapped in 300 + (b6x129)F2 mice.
Average rotarod training latency Chr# 7 mCV23423763(68111945) with right flanking marker rs3700068(4187548) and left marker rs3663988(146505067). This was mapped in 300 + (b6x129)F2 mice.
Genes with particular expression in the Anterior olfactory nucleus, layer 1. Data represent fold expression difference in structure versus grey matter average expression.
Genes with particular expression in the Anterior olfactory nucleus, dorsal part. Data represent fold expression difference in structure versus grey matter average expression.
Genes with particular expression in the Anterior olfactory nucleus, external part. Data represent fold expression difference in structure versus grey matter average expression.
Genes with particular expression in the Anterior olfactory nucleus, lateral part. Data represent fold expression difference in structure versus grey matter average expression.
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